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Intellectual Rights 15

  We are living, in the 21st century, times of great changes in our societies, constant advances in science, technology and productive innovation; we experience the need to protect cultural heritage and promoting creativity, and we witness changes in the means and real times of communication that open new opportunities, integrate societies and generate important challenges to assert rights and fulfill obligations legal and social. For this reason, the members of ASIPI approved in the last Congress of Lima an ambitious plan to increase efforts of participation that ensure the mission of active collaboration of the Association with public and private organizations, international, regional and national, and thus face the new challenges. Within this framework of action, I am pleased to present the volume 15 of the collection "Intellectual Rights", a sample of the continuity and vitality of ASIPI's work. - Fernando Triana   [su_accordion] [su_spoiler title="Copyright in the Constitutions by Eduardo de la Parra Trujillo" open="no" style="default" icon="plus" anchor="" anchor_in_url="no" class=""] The author analyzes the incorporation of copyrights in the different constitutions –such as article 17 of the Argentine Constitution– and their impact in the content and observance of the rights. The Constitution imposes limits to discretional authority. The author classifies the constitutions in three types: a) those considering copyrights as property rights; b) those linking copyrights with freedom of creativity and freedom of expression, and c) those which consider these rights as autonomous, neither linked to property of freedom, for example including these rights in the economic sphere of the respective Constitution. Contrary to general beliefs, many of the most important international treaties on fundamental human rights contain explicit clauses on the obligation to protect copyrights. Among the international treaties analyzed, the author refers to the International Pact on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, as well as to the American Convention on Human Rights approved on 22 November 1969 (San José de Costa Rica Pact). The originality of the article is precisely the analysis of intellectual property from a constitutional methodology that determines that Governments must protect authors instead of adopting positions that weaken these rights. [/su_spoiler] [su_spoiler title="Professional responsibility of Lawyers and industrial property agents por Pedro Arribonia" open="no" style="default" icon="plus" anchor="" anchor_in_url="no" class=""] Industrial property agents may have a positive role as advisors for fair competition practices and to promote economic and social development. Their activity should not be limited to obtain industrial property titles. The author states that taking into account the interface between industrial property and antitrust legislation, it is the responsibility of industrial property agents to advise right holders on the regular use of the rights in horizontal or vertical transactions. Entrepreneurs should be aware of their legal obligations avoiding infringements that may result in severe penalties. In Brazil, industrial property has explicit norms on fair and unfair competition. In the public arena, there are norms on: a) antitrust; b) consumers’ rights, and c) public services, as well as agencies in charge of their application. After analyzing these norms and the increase in investigations for their violation, the author concludes that it is necessary that professionals offer an integral and updated service to their clients. [/su_spoiler] [su_spoiler title="Unfair competition and the protection of test data by José Meythalter Baquero, María F. Coronel Meythalter y Gabriela Mendieta" open="no" style="default" icon="plus" anchor="" anchor_in_url="no" class=""] The application of competition principles to intellectual property is at the present time an issue of great interest. Competition must be fair. Unfair competition is disapproved in international treaties. Legislations in Latin America are not in general sufficiently explicit, and therefore judges have a great challenge in applying ethical fundamental principles to condemn practices that prevent, restrict, falsify or distort competition. The authors study in detail the doctrine and the positive norms, such as: Paris Convention, TRIPs, Decision 486 and Resolution 817 of the Andean Pact, and article 284 of the Intellectual Property Law in Ecuador. They state that while the basis of competition infringements are the violation of a positive norm, in the case of unfair competition it is the violation of ethical conducts. Trade secrets violations fall under the unfair competition principles when they are revealed, use or work without authorization of the legitimate right holder. Some examples of violation of trade secrets are the use of agrochemical or pharmaceutical test data, or the use of ancestral know-how, or ancestral medical practices, without authorizations. They conclude that there are specific positive norms to protect test data forbidding manufacturers to obtain sanitary registry of copies during the protection term. This type of protection coexists with the one derived from the application of rules and principles condemning unfair competition. [/su_spoiler] [su_spoiler title="Judicial decisions and their protection by copyrights in the common Andean pact countries and in the national legislation of member countries by Marcelo Vargas Mendoza" open="no" style="default" icon="plus" anchor="" anchor_in_url="no" class=""] The author analyzes if judicial decisions may be considered as works protected by author’s rights. After a detailed study of the necessary requisites that must be fulfilled in order to obtain author’s rights, according to the norms, doctrine and jurisprudence, the author analyzes the judicial decisions. As any other official document, the principle of publicity of the decision limits copyrights. It is impossible to grant patrimonial rights to the authors of the judicial decisions. However, moral rights which include paternity, integrity and access may be applicable. [/su_spoiler] [su_spoiler title="On the function and the specific object of a community trademark, and on the limitations of its effects by Carlos Sessano Goenaga" open="no" style="default" icon="plus" anchor="" anchor_in_url="no" class=""] The author analyzes the structure of Community trademark law, the registered Community trademark as an object of commerce, and the function of trademark rights and specially the essential function of the Community trademark, commenting on the abundant case-law applying and interpreting the principles, Directives and Community Trademark Regulations. The Community trademark must fulfill the obligation to allow the free circulation of goods and services in the European Union and therefore it must have the same effects in all the country members. This Community trademark is obtained through registration and must be capable of complying with the requisites of being a sign that may be represented graphically, and be appropriate to distinguish products or services. Its core function is guaranteeing the precedence of the product or service, avoiding confusion. This trademark also has other functions, such as, for example, expanding clientele. It is an essential tool in promoting fair competition. If there is an opposition by the holder of a previous national trademark, the application will be rejected if there is a risk of confusion y the public in the territory where the previous trademark had been granted, the risk of confusion includes the risk of association with the previous trademark. The opposition procedure takes place at the Office in charge of granting the Community trademark (Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, OHIM). The exclusive right granted by this trademark has limits in order to protect both the interest of its holder as well as the need to secure the free circulation of goods and access to the market. These limitations are included in article 12 of the Community Trademark Regulation and the author studies the corresponding case-law. [/su_spoiler] [su_spoiler title="Comments on the new Mexican regime of famous trademarks by Mauricio Jalife Daher" open="no" style="default" icon="plus" anchor="" anchor_in_url="no" class=""] The author analyzes the reasons that justify the protection of famous trademarks, studying the historical precedents, the growth of international trade, the intensive Internet use, and the work of the international organizations. Central arguments in the protection are: the risk of association or confusion, misappropriation, slander of reputation, and dilution of the trademarks value. In 2005, effective as from 2007, Mexico amends the Industrial Property Law in regards to renowned trademarks, with the objective of providing certainty to their holders, but affecting the scope and content of the protection. The author considers inadequate the approved amendments. Among other reasons, because it imposes undue burdens to prove notoriety or fame, there is a contradiction as it demands the trademark registration in order to obtain the declaration to be issued by the Mexican Institute of Industrial Property, and the term of validity of such a declaration. The new system affects the protection that Mexico had gradually developed for notorious trademarks and must be made consistent with the international treaties in force by legislative intervention and judicial interpretations. [/su_spoiler] [su_spoiler title="TRIPs and measures at members’ borders by Giancarlo de la Gasca" open="no" style="default" icon="plus" anchor="" anchor_in_url="no" class=""] TRIPs regulations on measures to be taken by governments at their respective borders to avoid trade of products in violation of intellectual pro perty rights are systematically analyzed in this paper. The subject matter is of great interest in view of the expansion of trade with counterfeit goods. The author states that the basic foundation in the intervention of customs is the need to take provisional preventive action to avoid the free circulation of goods violating intellectual property rights. These measures are not to be confused with judicial provisional measures. Customs intervention must take place when the goods infringe trademarks or trade-names, or pirated copyrights goods. According to the author, for other types of infringements, such as exports, or goods in transit, Customs intervention may also take place in accordance with the national regulations. Measures at borders may be taken ex-officio or at the request of the holder of the intellectual property right or an authorized licensee complying with the requisites that are explained. The author makes suggestions in order that the national regulations and practices do not frustrate the application of borders measures. [/su_spoiler] [su_spoiler title="Survey of patent damages: The European perspective by James R. Tumbridge y Gregory J. Urbanchuk" open="no" style="default" icon="plus" anchor="" anchor_in_url="no" class=""] The convergence of global markets and the spread of technology create unique challenges for inventors and companies seeking to enforce their patent rights in foreign jurisdictions. While global markets continue to converge, the same cannot be said for the rules governing the calculation of compensation when enforcing patent rights, as local jurisdictions criteria prevail. Europe presently maintains national patent registries in each jurisdiction, but with a central application system via the European Patent Office (EPO). On April 24, 2004 the European Parliament and Council adopted Directive 2004/48/EC on the enforcement of intellectual property rights (“EU IP Enforcement Directive”). However, its implementation has not been entirely clear-cut. Further, absent the establishment of a centralized system of litigation (e.g., a true Community Patent or a European Patent Litigation Agreement) the damages rules set out in the Directive are subject to interpretation by national courts, which may defer. The authors analyze the enforcement of this Directive in the different national jurisdictions, and conclude that damage calculations are -in spite of homogenized set of rules– a matter that depends on each jurisdiction. [/su_spoiler] [su_spoiler title="Proliferation of Domain name infringement in popular CCTLD (International generic top-level domain). The Brazilian experience by Simone Bittencourt de Menezes" open="no" style="default" icon="plus" anchor="" anchor_in_url="no" class=""] There are more than 1.2 million domain names registered in Brazil, and registration continues expanding. The author discusses the legal issues arising from the proliferation of domain name and infringement cases. She stresses the preference for the International Generic Top Level (TLD) Domain <.com> for commercial purposes. However, due to the larger number of domain names already registered under the <.com>, it is not always possible to find the desired name available. For this reason, over the past years, an increase in Brazil’s local registrations has taken place. The article details the requirements to apply for a domain name in Brazil. The process of domain name registration –created in 1998– still needs enhancement, when compared to other countries. The only trademarkrelated search that is carried out is in connection with famous or wellknown marks. There is no administrative measure available to challenge the Registry’s decision. The only possibility of pursuing its cancellation is to litigate before a State Court. Brazil has not yet adhered to any form of ADR policy (Uniform Domain Dispute Resolution Policy) and deals with the <.br> domain name matters solely with the Brazilian courts, which may be a time-consuming and expensive process. The author discusses very interesting judicial disputes and concludes that the jurisprudence takes into account trademark rights, a demonstration that intellectual property principles and rules are prevailing in the judicial decisions. [/su_spoiler] [/su_accordion] [post_title] => Intellectual Rights 15 [post_excerpt] => Intellectual Rights 15   We are living, in the 21st century, times of great changes in our societies, constant advances in science, technology and productive innovation; we experience the need to protect cultural heritage and promoting creativity, and we witness changes in the means and real times of communication that open new opportunities, integrate societies […] [post_status] => publish [comment_status] => closed [ping_status] => closed [post_password] => [post_name] => derechos-intelectuales-15 [to_ping] => [pinged] => [post_modified] => 2022-05-31 02:17:25 [post_modified_gmt] => 2022-05-31 02:17:25 [post_content_filtered] => [post_parent] => 0 [guid] => http://asipi.org/?post_type=publicacion&p=903 [menu_order] => 0 [post_type] => wpdmpro [post_mime_type] => [comment_count] => 0 [filter] => raw [post_content_ml] => [:es]

Derechos Intelectuales 15

  Vivimos, en el siglo XXI, tiempos de grandes cambios en nuestrassociedades, constantes avances de la ciencia, la tecnología y la innovación productiva; experimentamos la necesidad de proteger los acervos culturales y de promover la creatividad, y presenciamos cambios en los medios y tiempos reales de comunicación que abren nuevas oportunidades, integran a las sociedades y generan importantes desafíos para hacer valer derechos y cumplir con las obligaciones legales y sociales. Por ello, los miembros de ASIPI aprobaron en el pasado Congreso de Lima un ambicioso plan para incrementar los esfuerzos de participación que aseguren la misión de colaboración activa de la Asociación con las organizaciones públicas y privadas, internacionales, regionales y nacionales, y enfrentar así los nuevos desafíos.  En este marco de actuación, me complace presentar el volumen 15 de la colección “Derechos intelectuales”, una muestra de la continuidad y vitalidad de la labor de ASIPI. - Fernando Triana   [su_accordion] [su_spoiler title="La constitucionalización de los derechos de autor por Eduardo de la Parra Trujillo " open="no" style="default" icon="plus" anchor="" anchor_in_url="no" class=""] En este trabajo se estudia el fenómeno de la constitucionalización de los derechos de autor, entendiendo por ésta no sólo la plasmación de los derechos de autor en disposiciones constitucionales –como el art. 17, Const. argentina–, sino el impacto que las normas de ese tipo tienen en el contenido y la aplicación de leyes de derechos de autor. La constitucionalización impone límites a la discrecionalidad. El autor clasifica a las diversas constituciones de la siguiente manera: a) las que contienen vinculación expresa de los derechos de autor a los derechos de propiedad; b) las que tienen vinculación de los derechos de los autores con la libertad de creación y la libertad de expresión, y c) las que contienen una cláusula autónoma del derecho intelectual, es decir, que no está vinculada (al menos expresamente) con la libertad de creación o con el derecho de propiedad, aunque en algunos casos se pueda encontrar en el sector económico de la respectiva Constitución. Al contrario de lo que pudiera pensarse, muchos de los más importantes instrumentos internacionales en materia de derechos fundamentales hacen referencia explícita a la obligación de los Estados de proteger a los autores. Por lo tanto, se estudian los tratados de derechos humanos que prevén la protección a los autores, tales como el Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales (PIDE SC). El día 22 de noviembre de 1969, diversos países americanos suscribieron la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos (también conocida como “Pacto de San José de Costa Rica”), la cual constituye, hasta la fecha, el tratado regional sobre derechos humanos más importante a nivel americano. Lo novedoso de este trabajo es que se hace un “análisis constitucional de la propiedad intelectual”, utilizando herramientas del derecho constitucional para explicar y analizar los derechos de autor, y para concluir que existe una obligación insoslayable de los Estados de proteger a los autores, y de no adoptar posturas o corrientes que pugnan más bien por la desprotección. [/su_spoiler] [su_spoiler title="La responsabilidad profesional de abogados y agentes de la propiedad industrial por Pedro Ariboni" open="no" style="default" icon="plus" anchor="" anchor_in_url="no" class=""] Los agentes de la propiedad industrial pueden ejercer un eficaz rol como asesores y consultores que tienen efectos en asegurar la competencia leal y el estímulo al desarrollo económico y social. Su actividad no debe reducirse al trámite de la obtención de los títulos que acreditan los derechos de propiedad. El autor sostiene que en atención a la interrelación entre los derechos intelectuales y las normas de la competencia (legislación antitrust), es responsabilidad de los agentes asesorar a los titulares de derechos intelectuales sobre el uso regular de éstos, tanto en su ejercicio, como en las transacciones horizontales o verticales en las que puedan participar. Los empresarios deben conocer sus obligaciones legales evitando caer en situaciones que les signifiquen importantes sanciones por violaciones a las disposiciones de concurrencia leal. En el Brasil, la legislación sobre propiedad industrial tiene normas explícitas sobre qué significa competencia leal y desleal. En el área pública, existen normativas en materia de: a) actividades antitrust; b) defensa de los consumidores, y c) servicios públicos, así como de agencias encargadas de su cumplimiento. Luego de un análisis de las normativas, así como del crecimiento de las investigaciones por violaciones a ellas, el autor concluye que es necesario que los profesionales puedan ofrecer un asesoramiento integral y actualizado a sus clientes. [/su_spoiler] [su_spoiler title="Competencia desleal y protección de los datos de prueba por José Meythalter Baquero, María F. Coronel Meythalter y Gabriela Mendieta " open="no" style="default" icon="plus" anchor="" anchor_in_url="no" class=""] La aplicación de los principios de la competencia a los temas de propiedad intelectual es de gran actualidad. La competencia debe ser leal. La competencia desleal está reprobada en los tratados internacionales. Las legislaciones en América latina no suelen ser en este tema suficientemente explícitas; de allí que la justicia tiene una enorme labor para aplicar principios éticos fundamentales para sancionar las conductas que tienen por objeto impedir, restringir, falsear o distorsionar la competencia. Los autores hacen un detallado estudio doctrinal y del derecho positivo (Convenio de París, ADPIC, decisión 486 y res. 817 de la Comunidad Andina, y art. 284 de la ley de propiedad intelectual ecuatoriana, entre otras). Afirman que, mientras la base del derecho de competencia es la violación de la norma objetiva, la del derecho de competencia desleal es la violación de la norma ética. La violación de secretos constituye competencia desleal cuando su divulgación, uso o explotación no ha sido autorizado por su legítimo titular. Algunos ejemplos de violación de secretos constituyen el aprovechamiento de datos de prueba agroquímicos y farmoquímicos, así como el de conocimientos y prácticas médicas ancestrales. Concluyen que en el derecho positivo hay normativas específicas para la protección de los datos de prueba para el registro de los productos, que consiste en la prohibición a los productores de copias de obtener un registro sanitario dentro de un determinado plazo. Este sistema de protección coexiste con el esquema de protección que se deriva de las reglas y principios de la competencia desleal. [/su_spoiler] [su_spoiler title="Las providencias judiciales y su protección en el régimen comunitarios andino de derechos de autor y en el ordenamiento jurídico de los países miembros de la Comunidad Andina por Marcelo Vargas Mendoza" open="no" style="default" icon="plus" anchor="" anchor_in_url="no" class=""] El autor analiza las sentencias judiciales desde el punto de vista de la normativa de los derechos de autor. ¿Reúnen las decisiones sentencias los requisitos para ser consideradas obras protegidas? Luego de un detallado estudio de los requisitos exigidos en las normativas, en la doctrina y en la jurisprudencia, para determinar qué es obra protegible, se analiza quiénes son los autores de las decisiones judiciales. Éstas, al igual que los demás documentos oficiales, se rigen por el principio de publicidad, es decir, son de libre conocimiento por parte de los ciudadanos. Dicha publicidad de las decisiones afecta su tratamiento como objeto protegible por el derecho de autor. Con relación a los derechos patrimoniales del autor, se concluye que las decisiones judiciales se encuentran bajo un manto de interés público y gobernadas por el principio de publicidad. En relación con los derechos morales hay que hacer importantes distinciones: es pertinente, de conformidad con la naturaleza y función de las decisiones judiciales, que éstas sean objeto únicamente de los derechos morales de paternidad, integridad y acceso a la obra. [/su_spoiler] [su_spoiler title="Sobre la función yu el objeto específico de la marca comunitarioa asó como sobre la limitación de sus efectos por Carlos Sessano Goenaga" open="no" style="default" icon="plus" anchor="" anchor_in_url="no" class=""] El autor analiza la estructura del ordenamiento jurídico comunitario sobre derecho de marcas, la marca comunitaria registrada como objeto del comercio, la función del derecho de marca y, en especial, la función esencial de la marca comunitaria. Se centra en una perspectiva jurisprudencial y para ello cita abundante jurisprudencia, aplicando e interpretando principios, directivas y el Reglamento de Marca Comunitaria. Ésta debe responder a la necesidad de libre circulación de bienes y servicios en el ámbito de la Unión, para lo cual producirá los mismos efectos en el conjunto de sus países miembros. Se adquiere por registro y debe reunir los requisitos de constituir un signo que pueda ser objeto de representación gráfica y ser apropiada para distinguir productos o servicios. Su función esencial es garantizar el origen de éstos, como garantía de procedencia, evitando confusiones. Tiene también otras funciones, como la de ayudar a crear clientela. Es un elemento esencial en la promoción de la competencia leal. Si hubiera oposición del titular de una marca anterior, se denegará el registro de la marca comunitaria en procedimiento de oposición único ante la administración respectiva –la Oficina de Armonización del Mercado Interior, OAMI–, cuando exista riesgo de confusión por parte del público en el territorio en que esté protegida la marca anterior; el riesgo de confusión incluye el de asociación con ésta. El derecho exclusivo que otorga la marca comunitaria tiene límites para asegurar un equilibrio entre el interés de su titular y el de garantizar la libre circulación y acceso al mercado. El art. 12 del Reglamento de Marca Comunitaria señala estas limitaciones y el autor comenta la jurisprudencia respectiva. [/su_spoiler] [su_spoiler title="Apuntes sobre el nuevo régimen mexicano para la declaratoria de marcas notorias y famosas por Mauricio Jalife Daher" open="no" style="default" icon="plus" anchor="" anchor_in_url="no" class=""] El autor analiza los argumentos que justifican la protección de las marcas notorias y famosas, teniendo en cuenta los antecedentes históricos, el desarrollo del comercio internacional, el uso intensivo de Internet y la labor de los organismos internacionales. El riesgo de asociación o confusión, el aprovechamiento parasitario, el desprestigio y, en particular, la dilución del carácter distintivo son centrales en el análisis de la protección de las marcas renombradas. En el año 2005, operativa desde 2007, México aprueba la reforma de la ley de propiedad industrial con relación a las marcas notorias, con el objetivo de dar certeza a los titulares de marcas respecto de la calidad de “famosa” o “notoria”, pero afectando los alcances y contenido de la institución. El autor concluye que esta reforma no es adecuada. Desnaturaliza la institución, entre otras razones, por las cargas que impone para acreditar los extremos de la notoriedad o la fama; por la contradicción que significa la necesidad de contar con un registro para aspirar a obtener declaratoria del Instituto Mexicano de la Propiedad Industrial, y por los plazos para mantener la vigencia de esta declaratoria. El nuevo sistema afecta la protección que gradualmente se había desarrollado y requiere ser adecuadamente compatibilizado con los tratados vigentes, por los poderes Legislativo y Judicial. [/su_spoiler] [su_spoiler title="Las medidas en frontera a la luz del ADPIC por Giancarlo de la Gasca" open="no" style="default" icon="plus" anchor="" anchor_in_url="no" class=""] Se estudia de manera sistemática la normativa del Acuerdo ADPIC (TRIPs, en su sigla en inglés) sobre las medidas que los gobiernos deben tomar en sus respectivas fronteras para evitar el comercio de productos en violación a las normas sobre propiedad intelectual1. El tema es de gran actualidad ante el crecimiento de la falsificación en sus más diversas formas. El autor conceptualiza a la intervención de las autoridades aduaneras como una medida provisional que tiene por objeto impedir la libre circulación en cualquier territorio de objetos infractores de derechos de propiedad intelectual, y aclara que es un error confundirla con una medida de tipo judicial. Las medidas en frontera son obligatorias para impedir la importación de mercadería que infrinja marcas de fábrica o de comercio, o mercadería pirata que lesione derechos de autor. En opinión del autor, las medidas en frontera son facultativas, según lo disponga la normativa del respectivo país, para las exportaciones, para las mercaderías en tránsito o para infracciones de otros derechos de propiedad intelectual. Pueden ser aplicadas de oficio, por la aduana o a petición de parte, titular o licenciatario, cumpliendo con los requisitos que se comentan. El autor hace sugerencias para que las normas y prácticas nacionales no frustren la aplicación de las medidas en frontera. [/su_spoiler] [su_spoiler title="Investigación sobre daños por infracción d patentes. La perspectiva europea por James R. Tumbridge y Gregory J. Urbanchuk" open="no" style="default" icon="plus" anchor="" anchor_in_url="no" class=""] La globalización de los mercados y la difusión de la tecnología crea desafíos para los inventores y las empresas que intenten hacer valer sus patentes en jurisdicciones distintas. Mientras la globalización avanza, no puede decirse lo mismo de las normas que regulan las compensaciones por los derechos de patentes, pues el criterio local prevalece. En Europa las jurisdicciones nacionales se mantienen, no obstante la existencia del régimen centralizado en la EPO, Oficina Europea de Patentes. El 24 de abril de 2004, el Parlamento Europeo y el Consejo adoptaron la directiva 2004/48/EC, para la observancia de los derechos de propiedad intelectual. No obstante ello, su implantación en cada miembro no fue uniforme. En ausencia de una jurisdicción centralizada para los litigios, las normas sobre daños de la directiva mencionada están sujetas a los criterios de las cortes de cada país miembro de la Comunidad, que pueden diferir entre sí. Los autores analizan la implementación de la directiva en las diferentes jurisdicciones nacionales, concluyendo que las estimaciones por daños no obstante un conjunto de reglas armonizadas– continúan siendo un asunto que depende de cada jurisdicción. [/su_spoiler] [su_spoiler title="La proliferación de infracciones de nombres de dominioregistrados a nivel internacional bajo <.com> por Simone Bittencourt de Menezes" open="no" style="default" icon="plus" anchor="" anchor_in_url="no" class=""] Hay más de 1,2 millones de nombres de dominio registrados en el Brasil <.br> y la expansión continúa. Si bien se prefiere, por razones comerciales, la inscripción en el primer nivel internacional <.com>, en vista de la enorme cantidad de registros no siempre es posible acceder al nombre que se busca. Por esta razón, se ha incrementado la búsqueda de registros en el Brasil. El artículo detalla los requisitos para acceder al registro. El proceso fue establecido en el año 2008, y puede ser mejorado si se lo compara con el vigente en otros países. Se efectúan búsquedas limitadas en particular, con la existencia de marcas famosas o notorias. No hay recursos administrativos disponibles para invalidar las decisiones del registro y sólo cabe iniciar acciones judiciales a nivel de los jueces estaduales. El Brasil no se adhirió al Régimen Uniforme de Disputas para Nombres de Dominio, lo que obliga a pleitear para nombres registrados en el Brasil en sus tribunales, y ello puede ser costoso y largo. La autora comenta interesantes disputas judiciales y concluye que los jueces toman en consideración los derechos de marcas registradas, una demostración de que los principios y normas de la propiedad intelectual prevalecen en sus decisiones. [/su_spoiler] [/su_accordion]  [:en]

Intellectual Rights 15

  We are living, in the 21st century, times of great changes in our societies, constant advances in science, technology and productive innovation; we experience the need to protect cultural heritage and promoting creativity, and we witness changes in the means and real times of communication that open new opportunities, integrate societies and generate important challenges to assert rights and fulfill obligations legal and social. For this reason, the members of ASIPI approved in the last Congress of Lima an ambitious plan to increase efforts of participation that ensure the mission of active collaboration of the Association with public and private organizations, international, regional and national, and thus face the new challenges. Within this framework of action, I am pleased to present the volume 15 of the collection "Intellectual Rights", a sample of the continuity and vitality of ASIPI's work. - Fernando Triana   [su_accordion] [su_spoiler title="Copyright in the Constitutions by Eduardo de la Parra Trujillo" open="no" style="default" icon="plus" anchor="" anchor_in_url="no" class=""] The author analyzes the incorporation of copyrights in the different constitutions –such as article 17 of the Argentine Constitution– and their impact in the content and observance of the rights. The Constitution imposes limits to discretional authority. The author classifies the constitutions in three types: a) those considering copyrights as property rights; b) those linking copyrights with freedom of creativity and freedom of expression, and c) those which consider these rights as autonomous, neither linked to property of freedom, for example including these rights in the economic sphere of the respective Constitution. Contrary to general beliefs, many of the most important international treaties on fundamental human rights contain explicit clauses on the obligation to protect copyrights. Among the international treaties analyzed, the author refers to the International Pact on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, as well as to the American Convention on Human Rights approved on 22 November 1969 (San José de Costa Rica Pact). The originality of the article is precisely the analysis of intellectual property from a constitutional methodology that determines that Governments must protect authors instead of adopting positions that weaken these rights. [/su_spoiler] [su_spoiler title="Professional responsibility of Lawyers and industrial property agents por Pedro Arribonia" open="no" style="default" icon="plus" anchor="" anchor_in_url="no" class=""] Industrial property agents may have a positive role as advisors for fair competition practices and to promote economic and social development. Their activity should not be limited to obtain industrial property titles. The author states that taking into account the interface between industrial property and antitrust legislation, it is the responsibility of industrial property agents to advise right holders on the regular use of the rights in horizontal or vertical transactions. Entrepreneurs should be aware of their legal obligations avoiding infringements that may result in severe penalties. In Brazil, industrial property has explicit norms on fair and unfair competition. In the public arena, there are norms on: a) antitrust; b) consumers’ rights, and c) public services, as well as agencies in charge of their application. After analyzing these norms and the increase in investigations for their violation, the author concludes that it is necessary that professionals offer an integral and updated service to their clients. [/su_spoiler] [su_spoiler title="Unfair competition and the protection of test data by José Meythalter Baquero, María F. Coronel Meythalter y Gabriela Mendieta" open="no" style="default" icon="plus" anchor="" anchor_in_url="no" class=""] The application of competition principles to intellectual property is at the present time an issue of great interest. Competition must be fair. Unfair competition is disapproved in international treaties. Legislations in Latin America are not in general sufficiently explicit, and therefore judges have a great challenge in applying ethical fundamental principles to condemn practices that prevent, restrict, falsify or distort competition. The authors study in detail the doctrine and the positive norms, such as: Paris Convention, TRIPs, Decision 486 and Resolution 817 of the Andean Pact, and article 284 of the Intellectual Property Law in Ecuador. They state that while the basis of competition infringements are the violation of a positive norm, in the case of unfair competition it is the violation of ethical conducts. Trade secrets violations fall under the unfair competition principles when they are revealed, use or work without authorization of the legitimate right holder. Some examples of violation of trade secrets are the use of agrochemical or pharmaceutical test data, or the use of ancestral know-how, or ancestral medical practices, without authorizations. They conclude that there are specific positive norms to protect test data forbidding manufacturers to obtain sanitary registry of copies during the protection term. This type of protection coexists with the one derived from the application of rules and principles condemning unfair competition. [/su_spoiler] [su_spoiler title="Judicial decisions and their protection by copyrights in the common Andean pact countries and in the national legislation of member countries by Marcelo Vargas Mendoza" open="no" style="default" icon="plus" anchor="" anchor_in_url="no" class=""] The author analyzes if judicial decisions may be considered as works protected by author’s rights. After a detailed study of the necessary requisites that must be fulfilled in order to obtain author’s rights, according to the norms, doctrine and jurisprudence, the author analyzes the judicial decisions. As any other official document, the principle of publicity of the decision limits copyrights. It is impossible to grant patrimonial rights to the authors of the judicial decisions. However, moral rights which include paternity, integrity and access may be applicable. [/su_spoiler] [su_spoiler title="On the function and the specific object of a community trademark, and on the limitations of its effects by Carlos Sessano Goenaga" open="no" style="default" icon="plus" anchor="" anchor_in_url="no" class=""] The author analyzes the structure of Community trademark law, the registered Community trademark as an object of commerce, and the function of trademark rights and specially the essential function of the Community trademark, commenting on the abundant case-law applying and interpreting the principles, Directives and Community Trademark Regulations. The Community trademark must fulfill the obligation to allow the free circulation of goods and services in the European Union and therefore it must have the same effects in all the country members. This Community trademark is obtained through registration and must be capable of complying with the requisites of being a sign that may be represented graphically, and be appropriate to distinguish products or services. Its core function is guaranteeing the precedence of the product or service, avoiding confusion. This trademark also has other functions, such as, for example, expanding clientele. It is an essential tool in promoting fair competition. If there is an opposition by the holder of a previous national trademark, the application will be rejected if there is a risk of confusion y the public in the territory where the previous trademark had been granted, the risk of confusion includes the risk of association with the previous trademark. The opposition procedure takes place at the Office in charge of granting the Community trademark (Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market, OHIM). The exclusive right granted by this trademark has limits in order to protect both the interest of its holder as well as the need to secure the free circulation of goods and access to the market. These limitations are included in article 12 of the Community Trademark Regulation and the author studies the corresponding case-law. [/su_spoiler] [su_spoiler title="Comments on the new Mexican regime of famous trademarks by Mauricio Jalife Daher" open="no" style="default" icon="plus" anchor="" anchor_in_url="no" class=""] The author analyzes the reasons that justify the protection of famous trademarks, studying the historical precedents, the growth of international trade, the intensive Internet use, and the work of the international organizations. Central arguments in the protection are: the risk of association or confusion, misappropriation, slander of reputation, and dilution of the trademarks value. In 2005, effective as from 2007, Mexico amends the Industrial Property Law in regards to renowned trademarks, with the objective of providing certainty to their holders, but affecting the scope and content of the protection. The author considers inadequate the approved amendments. Among other reasons, because it imposes undue burdens to prove notoriety or fame, there is a contradiction as it demands the trademark registration in order to obtain the declaration to be issued by the Mexican Institute of Industrial Property, and the term of validity of such a declaration. The new system affects the protection that Mexico had gradually developed for notorious trademarks and must be made consistent with the international treaties in force by legislative intervention and judicial interpretations. [/su_spoiler] [su_spoiler title="TRIPs and measures at members’ borders by Giancarlo de la Gasca" open="no" style="default" icon="plus" anchor="" anchor_in_url="no" class=""] TRIPs regulations on measures to be taken by governments at their respective borders to avoid trade of products in violation of intellectual pro perty rights are systematically analyzed in this paper. The subject matter is of great interest in view of the expansion of trade with counterfeit goods. The author states that the basic foundation in the intervention of customs is the need to take provisional preventive action to avoid the free circulation of goods violating intellectual property rights. These measures are not to be confused with judicial provisional measures. Customs intervention must take place when the goods infringe trademarks or trade-names, or pirated copyrights goods. According to the author, for other types of infringements, such as exports, or goods in transit, Customs intervention may also take place in accordance with the national regulations. Measures at borders may be taken ex-officio or at the request of the holder of the intellectual property right or an authorized licensee complying with the requisites that are explained. The author makes suggestions in order that the national regulations and practices do not frustrate the application of borders measures. [/su_spoiler] [su_spoiler title="Survey of patent damages: The European perspective by James R. Tumbridge y Gregory J. Urbanchuk" open="no" style="default" icon="plus" anchor="" anchor_in_url="no" class=""] The convergence of global markets and the spread of technology create unique challenges for inventors and companies seeking to enforce their patent rights in foreign jurisdictions. While global markets continue to converge, the same cannot be said for the rules governing the calculation of compensation when enforcing patent rights, as local jurisdictions criteria prevail. Europe presently maintains national patent registries in each jurisdiction, but with a central application system via the European Patent Office (EPO). On April 24, 2004 the European Parliament and Council adopted Directive 2004/48/EC on the enforcement of intellectual property rights (“EU IP Enforcement Directive”). However, its implementation has not been entirely clear-cut. Further, absent the establishment of a centralized system of litigation (e.g., a true Community Patent or a European Patent Litigation Agreement) the damages rules set out in the Directive are subject to interpretation by national courts, which may defer. The authors analyze the enforcement of this Directive in the different national jurisdictions, and conclude that damage calculations are -in spite of homogenized set of rules– a matter that depends on each jurisdiction. [/su_spoiler] [su_spoiler title="Proliferation of Domain name infringement in popular CCTLD (International generic top-level domain). The Brazilian experience by Simone Bittencourt de Menezes" open="no" style="default" icon="plus" anchor="" anchor_in_url="no" class=""] There are more than 1.2 million domain names registered in Brazil, and registration continues expanding. The author discusses the legal issues arising from the proliferation of domain name and infringement cases. She stresses the preference for the International Generic Top Level (TLD) Domain <.com> for commercial purposes. However, due to the larger number of domain names already registered under the <.com>, it is not always possible to find the desired name available. For this reason, over the past years, an increase in Brazil’s local registrations has taken place. The article details the requirements to apply for a domain name in Brazil. The process of domain name registration –created in 1998– still needs enhancement, when compared to other countries. The only trademarkrelated search that is carried out is in connection with famous or wellknown marks. There is no administrative measure available to challenge the Registry’s decision. The only possibility of pursuing its cancellation is to litigate before a State Court. Brazil has not yet adhered to any form of ADR policy (Uniform Domain Dispute Resolution Policy) and deals with the <.br> domain name matters solely with the Brazilian courts, which may be a time-consuming and expensive process. The author discusses very interesting judicial disputes and concludes that the jurisprudence takes into account trademark rights, a demonstration that intellectual property principles and rules are prevailing in the judicial decisions. [/su_spoiler] [/su_accordion][:] [post_content_langs] => Array ( [es] => 1 [en] => 1 ) [post_title_ml] => [:es]Derechos Intelectuales 15[:en]Intellectual Rights 15[:] [post_title_langs] => Array ( [es] => 1 [en] => 1 ) [title] => Intellectual Rights 15 [description] =>

Intellectual Rights 15

 

We are living, in the 21st century, times of great changes in our societies, constant advances in science, technology and productive innovation; we experience the need to protect cultural heritage and promoting creativity, and we witness changes in the means and real times of communication that open new opportunities, integrate societies and generate important challenges to assert rights and fulfill obligations legal and social. For this reason, the members of ASIPI approved in the last Congress of Lima an ambitious plan to increase efforts of participation that ensure the mission of active collaboration of the Association with public and private organizations, international, regional and national, and thus face the new challenges. Within this framework of action, I am pleased to present the volume 15 of the collection "Intellectual Rights", a sample of the continuity and vitality of ASIPI's work. - Fernando Triana

 

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